🧬 NEB New Curriculum 2081 | NCF 2076
NEB Class 11 & 12
Biology Syllabus (Botany + Zoology)
Full chapter-wise summary – Biomolecules, Floral diversity, Microbiology, Ecology, Genetics, Plant Physiology, Human Biology, and more as per NEB Nepal syllabus.
10
Units (Grade 11)
10
Units (Grade 12)
Botany+Zoo
Integrative approach
NCF
Curriculum 2076
🍃
Curriculum focus: The NEB Biology syllabus emphasizes conceptual understanding of life processes, diversity, evolution, ecology, and modern biotech. Grade 11 builds foundation (biomolecules, floral/faunal diversity, ecology, evolution), Grade 12 advances into plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, human biology, and applied biology.
🌱 BOTANY (Part A)
1. Biomolecules and Cell Biology (15 hr)
📘 15 teaching hours
- Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, minerals, water – functions.
- Cell: prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, detailed structure of cell wall, membrane, mitochondria, plastids, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, ribosomes, nucleus, chromosomes, cilia, flagella.
- Cell division: cell cycle, amitosis, mitosis, meiosis and significance.
2. Floral Diversity (30 hr)
- Three domains, binomial nomenclature, five kingdom classification, status of flora in Nepal.
- Fungi: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes; Mucor & Yeast structure, mushrooms, economic importance.
- Lichen: introduction & economic importance.
- Algae: Green, brown, red algae; Spirogyra structure & reproduction, economic importance.
- Bryophyta: Liverworts, hornworts, mosses; Marchantia morphology & reproduction.
- Pteridophyta: Dryopteris structure & reproduction, economic importance.
- Gymnosperm: Pinus morphology & reproduction, economic importance.
- Angiosperm: morphology (root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit); taxonomic hierarchy, classification systems, families: Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae with economic importance.
3. Introductory Microbiology (5 hr)
- Monera: bacterial structure, nutrition, growth; cyanobacteria.
- Virus: structure, importance, bacteriophage.
- Impacts of biotechnology in microbiology.
4. Ecology (11 hr)
- Ecosystem ecology: biotic/abiotic factors, species interactions, pond/forest ecosystem, food chain/web, trophic levels, pyramids, productivity, carbon & nitrogen cycles, succession.
- Ecological adaptation: hydrophytes & xerophytes.
- Ecological imbalances: greenhouse effect, climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, biological invasion.
5. Vegetation (3 hr)
- Types of vegetation in Nepal, In‑situ (protected areas), Ex‑situ (botanical garden, seed bank) conservation.
🐾 ZOOLOGY (Part B)
6. Introduction to Biology (2 hr)
- Scope and fields of biology, relation with other sciences.
7. Evolutionary Biology (15 hr)
- Origin of life: Oparin-Haldane theory, Miller-Urey experiment.
- Evidences of evolution: morphological, anatomical, paleontological, embryological, biochemical.
- Theories: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism.
- Human evolution: position of man, differences between new/old world monkeys, apes & man, evolution of modern man.
8. Faunal Diversity (34 hr)
- Protista: Protozoa classification up to class; Paramecium, Plasmodium vivax & P. falciparum (life cycle, importance).
- Animalia: body plan, symmetry, cavity, segmentation; phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata (up to class).
- Earthworm (Pheretima): digestive, excretory (septal nephridia), nervous, reproductive systems, cocoon formation.
- Frog (Rana tigrina): digestive, blood vascular (heart mechanism), respiratory, reproductive systems.
9. Biota and Environment (10 hr)
- Animal adaptation: aquatic, terrestrial (cursorial, fossorial, arboreal), volant.
- Animal behavior: reflex action, taxes, dominance, leadership; fish and bird migration.
- Pollution: air, water, soil – sources, effects, control; pesticides effects.
10. Conservation Biology (3 hr)
- Biodiversity conservation, national parks, wildlife reserves, hotspots, wetlands, Ramsar sites.
- IUCN categories: extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare; endangered species in Nepal.
⚡ Grade 11 covers foundational botany (cell biology, algae to angiosperms, ecology) and zoology (evolution, paramecium, earthworm, frog, biodiversity).
🌱 BOTANY (Grade 12)
1. Plant Anatomy (8 hr)
- Meristems & permanent tissues, anatomy of dicot & monocot root, stem and leaf; secondary growth in dicot stem.
2. Plant Physiology (20 hr)
- Water relation: diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration, guttation.
- Photosynthesis: pigments, photochemical phase, Calvin cycle, C3 & C4 plants, photorespiration, factors.
- Respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETS, factors affecting.
- Plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins – physiological effects.
- Growth & movement: seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; tropic & nastic movements.
3. Genetics (21 hr)
- Genetic materials: DNA & RNA structure, DNA replication, genetic code.
- Mendelian genetics: laws, incomplete dominance, co-dominance.
- Linkage & crossing over: complete/incomplete linkage, sex-linked inheritance (color blindness, Drosophila).
- Mutation & polyploidy: gene & chromosomal mutation, polyploidy significance.
4. Embryology (8 hr)
- Asexual & sexual reproduction in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male/female gametophytes, dicot & monocot embryos, endosperm.
5. Biotechnology (7 hr)
- Tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance, green manure, bio-fertilizer, biopesticides, genetic engineering, GMOs, bio‑engineering, food safety.
🐾 ZOOLOGY (Grade 12)
6. Animal Tissues (8 hr)
- Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissues – structure, function, location.
7. Developmental Biology (6 hr)
- Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
- Frog development: fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis (notochord, nerve cord, coelom).
8. Human Biology (28 hr)
- Digestive system: alimentary canal, glands, physiology.
- Respiratory system: mechanism, gas exchange, transport, regulation.
- Circulatory: double circulation, heart structure, cardiac cycle, ECG, blood grouping, BP.
- Excretory system: ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, urine formation.
- Nervous system: CNS, PNS, autonomic; brain structure, nerve impulse conduction.
- Sense organs: eye & ear structure/function.
- Endocrinology: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; hypo/hyper disorders.
- Reproductive system: male/female organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.
9. Human Population and Health Disorders (6 hr)
- Population growth problems, control strategies, demographic cycle.
- Health disorders: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal disorders; substance abuse (drug, alcohol, smoking).
10. Applied Biology (16 hr)
- Organ transplantation, IVF, amniocentesis, GMOs (transgenic animals). Poultry & fish farming.
- Microbial diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, HIV, Cholera, Influenza, Hepatitis, Candidiasis – causative agents, symptoms, prevention.
- Immunology: vaccines, microbial contamination of water, sewage treatment, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers.
🧫 Grade 12 integrates advanced plant physiology, genetics, human biology, and applied microbiology – NEB exam focused.
📚 Chapter Summary Comparison
⚖️ Grade 11 vs Grade 12 – Key focus areas
Class 11
- Biomolecules & Cell Biology
- Floral diversity (Algae to Angiosperms)
- Ecology + Vegetation
- Evolutionary biology / Faunal diversity
- Earthworm & Frog anatomy
Class 12
- Plant anatomy & physiology
- Genetics, mutation, polyploidy
- Human biology (full systems)
- Embryology & Biotechnology
- Applied biology & microbial diseases
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
How many chapters are covered in NEB Class 11 Biology? ▼
Class 11 Biology includes 5 botany units: Biomolecules & cell biology, Floral diversity, Introductory microbiology, Ecology, Vegetation; and 5 zoology units: Introduction to biology, Evolutionary biology, Faunal diversity, Biota & environment, Conservation biology — total 10 major content areas with 118+ theory hours.
What are the major topics in Class 12 Zoology? ▼
Class 12 Zoology focuses on Animal tissues, Developmental biology, Human biology (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, reproductive systems), Human population & health disorders, and Applied biology (transplantation, IVF, microbial diseases, immunology).
Is there any new addition in NEB Biology 2081 curriculum? ▼
Yes, the revised syllabus (2081 BS) emphasizes climate change, biological invasion, biopesticides, GMOs, tissue culture, and microbial contamination in applied biology. Also strengthens plant physiology and human genetics.
Which families are included in angiosperm taxonomy for Grade 11? ▼
NEB Grade 11 includes Brassicaceae (mustard family), Fabaceae (legume family), Solanaceae (nightshade family), and Liliaceae (lily family) with diagnostic features and economic importance.